Adults and their young ones

Kitten is the young one of cat. Let us see some adults and their respective young ones.

• ADULT: YOUNG
• ant: grub
• bear: cub
• bee: grub
• beetle: grub
• bird: fledgling, nestling
• buffalo: calf
• butterfly: caterpillar
• camel: calf
• cat: kitten
• cockroach: nymph
• cow: calf
• deer: fawn
• dog: puppy
• dragonfly: nymph
• duck: duckling
• eagle: eaglet
• elephant: calf
• fox: cub
• frog: tadpole
• giraffe: calf
• goat: kid
• goose: gosling
• grasshopper: nymph
• hen: chick
• hippopotamus: calf
• horse: foal
• housefly: maggot
• king: prince, princess
• leopard: cub
• lion: cub
• man: baby, child
• mosquito: wriggler
• moth: caterpillar
• ostrich: chick
• owl: owlet
• oyster: spat
• pig: piglet
• pigeon: squab
• rat: pup
• rhinoceros: calf
• seal: pup
• shark: cub
• sheep: lamb
• swan: cygnet
• toad: tadpole
• tiger: cub
• trout: fry
• turtle: hatchling
• whale: calf
• wolf: cub
• zebra: foal
  

Work, job, occupation, career and profession

The noun forms of work, job, occupation, career and profession.

Work is done to earn money.

• Have you got any work yet?

Work is an activity.

• She has got a lot of work to do.
• Lakshmi enjoys her work in the kitchen.

Job is used to talk about the particular work activity.

• Editing is an important job.
• Mohan is looking for a job in engineering.

Occupation is a formal word. It means the job done by someone. It is usually used to fill the forms.

Career is a job, done for a long period of one’s life.

• I selected ‘marketing’ as my future career.

Profession is a type of work that needs special education or training.

• He is acting in films but he is a pilot by profession.

Places with meanings

Let us see some places with their meanings.

Place: Meaning

• Accra : Ant
• Addis Ababa : New flower
• Alaska : Great land
• Annapurna : Abundant food
• Australia : Southern land
• Baghdad : Gift of god
• Bethlehem : House of bread
• Bihar : Monastery
• Canada : Camp
• Copenhagen : Merchant’s port
• Costa Rica : Rich coast
• Dar es Salaam : House of peace
• Dublin : Black pool
• Gangtok : Hill summit
• Hawaii : Place of the gods
• Kanchenjunga : Five treasures of snow
• Kuala Lumpur : Mouth of the muddy river
• Meghalaya : The Abode of clouds
• Pacific : Calm
• Sierra Leone : Lion mountains
• Singapore : Lion city
• Sri Lanka : Island of the blessed
• Srinagar : City of happiness
• Sudan : Land of the blacks
• Tel Aviv : Hill spring
• Texas : Friends
• Thailand : Land of the free people
• Tripoli : Three towns
• Zimbabwe : House of stones

More, less and fewer

The word ‘more’ is used to form the comparative of many adjectives and adverbs that have two or more syllables.

• A more expensive travel.
  
• A more beautiful place.
  

More is used as a quantifier.

• Geetha spends more money.
  
• Is there any more coffee?
  
• She needs a bit more advice.
  

The opposite of ‘more’ is ‘fewer’ for countable nouns and ‘less’ for uncountable nouns.

• Victor takes less exercise.
  
• Anil eats fewer biscuits.

Salary, income, wage and pay

Salary is a fixed, regular payment for work.
It is the money received each month. It is often expressed as the total amount in a year.

Sara’s salary is Rs.1 Lakh per annum (Rupees one Lac per year).


Income is the total amount of money earned by working, from investments etc.

Reenu’s monthly income is Rs.20 000/-


Wage is the amount of money received everyday or week.

Ravi’s weekly wage is Rs.5000/-


Pay is a word generally used for the money received for working.

Seniors usually get more pay than juniors.

Rise, raise, say, tell, ill and sick

Rise and raise, say and tell, ill and sick

Rise and raise

The price of oil is rising.
(The verb ‘rise’ is not followed by an object.)

The merchants are raising the price of oil.
(The verb ‘rise’ is followed by an object.)

Say and tell

‘Say’ refers to any type of speech.
He said, “Good morning”.

‘Tell’ is followed by the person receiving the information.
He told her to smile.

Ill and sick

I feel ill (British English)

I feel sick (American English)

Business communication in English

Difference between normal communication and business communication

• Normal Communication: Can you tell me your address?
• Business Communication: Can you help me with your address?
  
• Normal Communication: He spoke to me in detail.
• Business Communication: We had a meeting.
  
• Normal Communication: Can you speak loudly?
• Business Communication: I am not able to hear you.
  
• Normal Communication: Sita has told that she will come at 10 pm.
• Business Communication: Sita is scheduled to come at 10 pm.
  
• Normal Communication: Five men had come to inquire about our product.
• Business Communication: There are five potential customers.
  
• Normal Communication: I like his advice.
• Business Communication: I like his analysis.
  
• Normal Communication: Speak to him and get our phone repaired.
• Business Communication: Co-ordinate with him and get our phone working.
  
• Normal Communication: In my letter to Mr. John.
• Business Communication: In my written communication to Mr. John.